BIS researchers found Bitcoin onchain transfer estimates can vary sixfold depending on transaction measurement methodology.Bitcoin market capitalization has at times measured four times realized capitalization during sharp price surges.Researchers classified 13 million Ethereum contracts while more than 54 million remained outside study categories.USDT smart-contract holdings exceeded 20% on Ethereum, while Tron remained near 1% most periods studied.Visa filters bots, bridge routing and exchange activity when calculating adjusted stablecoin transaction volume estimates.