Bitcoin reaches its 51% hash-rate threshold through three mining pools, according to the joint report.Ethereum requires three staking entities to exceed 33%, although pooled delegation complicates direct control assumptions.Solana’s Nakamoto coefficient is 19, but nearly all measured infrastructure operates inside commercial data centers.Bitcoin’s infrastructure is comparatively dispersed, with 63% of measured nodes operating anonymously through Tor networks.Ethereum hosts roughly 49% of execution-layer nodes in clouds, including 20% through Amazon Web Services.